What makes us human?

"In these matters, there is nobody who does not know that man consists of such elements that the creator of things, source of a better world, when he placed holy and heavenly man in the world as an animal, made him erect while he made all the other animals inclined toward the earth; to man he gave a sublime face, and fashioned him to see the heavens and raise his uplifted face to the stars.

For because there was no expectation of immortality remaining in those animals, he designed them to be stretched out on the earth and slaves to their stomachs and to food. But man he made erect and tall, so that when all "fallen things" have been trampled, he would take up the virtue to which he was born, he would know his origin and contemplate God himself; and since the other animals are animals of man, man would understand that he is the animal of God."

Perhaps what makes us most human is to be located in soul, for by its very nature it seems to bridge these two worlds of the corruptible and the incorruptible, the mortal and immortal, the earthly and the heavenly. This tension even seems to come out in the two primary models of soul that seem to be active in psychology. On one hand, there is the neo-Jungian, Imaginal soul as articulated especially by James Hillman and Thomas Moore. This is a kind of downward force (Hillman calls the process growing down) that is behind our biographies, our fate, our uniqueness. And in this version of soul we have to sometimes honor rather than cure or wash away our symptoms, our perceived weaknesses or flaws in order for soul-making to occur. We sometimes need to embrace and work through the messiness of our lives rather than to sanitize it or narrow it down to some standardized norm. As Moore says, "Care of the soul means respecting its emotions and fantasies, however objectionable." And, "We do not care for the soul by shrinking it down to reasonable size."

On the other hand, there is the evolutionary soul of Sri Aurobindo that is set forth in Brant Cortright's book on Integral Psychology. (And one might say that this is also probably pretty much the way in which Ken Wilber thinks of soul along integral developmental lines, although--and I haven't read everything--soul seems less clearly in focus than spirit.) This soul is immortal and passes from body to body during successive lifetimes. In Aurobindo it is the secret heart (the hrdaye guhayam), the psychic center located behind the heart. It's importance is developmental and it acquires new powers and capacities in each lifetime as it matures. As Cortright says, "The psychic center is spirit in manifestation, ever alive, ever whole, ever pure, yet also progressing as it evolves new abilities out of itself." The cultivation of this soul leads to authenticity, to greater depth of living, but the direction it takes is clear; it is part of the movement upward toward Spirit. As Cortright further says, "The psychic center moves always toward harmony, truth, beauty, goodness, and tenderness. Its intrinsic nature is spiritual, and to these higher spiritual values it is irresistibly attracted. But at first its voice is overshadowed by the clamor of body, heart, and mind."

These two views of soul would at first seem irreconcilable. One explanation might be that the neo-Jungian soul as I have characterized it is not really soul but something soul-like that operates at the level of heart and mind. I think, however, that it is notable that these two visions of soul together seem to comprise the poles of precisely what makes us human. Taken together they seem to provide a more complete picture of soul than either do separately. Perhaps this is a matter of immanence and transcendence. In the first version of soul what is being described is primarily soul in its downward manifestation, taking care of earthly, perhaps unfinished business. In the second version of soul, soul is a vehicle in the evolution of consciousness, the ultimate journey of each soul, which is the same and involves purification on some level, as it ascends toward Spirit.  In any event, I think we can say that it is this thing, which is also a kind of faculty or capacity at the same time it is an essence, that makes us human.